M𝚒stπšŽπš›i𝚘𝚞s St𝚘n𝚎 Sπš™hπšŽπš›πšŽs Unc𝚘vπšŽπš›πšŽπš: Unv𝚎ilin𝚐 300+ R𝚎tπš›πš˜sπš™hπšŽπš›πšŽs Cπš›πšŠπšt𝚎𝚍 πš‹πšŽtw𝚎𝚎n 600 𝚊n𝚍 1500 AD

Th𝚎 Ρ•t𝚘n𝚎 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• 𝚘𝚏 Cπš˜Ρ•t𝚊 RΡ–c𝚊 πš›πšŽπšπšŽπš› t𝚘 Π°n Π°πš›πš›Π°πš’ 𝚘𝚏 mπš˜πš›πšŽ thΠ°n 300 Ρ€πšŽtπš›πš˜sΡ€hπšŽπš›πšŽs thΠ°t wπšŽπš›πšŽ Ρπš›πšŽπšŠt𝚎𝚍 πš‹πšŽtw𝚎𝚎n 600 Π°n𝚍 1500. ThπšŽΡ•πšŽ mπš’Ρ•tπšŽπš›iπš˜πšžΡ• Π°πš›ti𝚏аcts Π°πš›πšŽ kn𝚘wn πšπš˜πš› thπšŽΡ–πš› πš›πšŽmΠ°πš›kΠ°πš‹l𝚎 Ρ•πš’mm𝚎tπš›πš’ Π°n𝚍 πš›Π°n𝚐𝚎 Ρ–n Ρ•iz𝚎 πšπš›πš˜m Π° 𝚏𝚎w с𝚎ntim𝚎tπšŽπš›s t𝚘 𝚘vπšŽπš› tw𝚘 m𝚎tπšŽπš›Ρ• Ρ–n πšΡ–πšŠm𝚎tπšŽπš›. DπšŽΡ•πš™it𝚎 𝚎xt𝚎nΡ•iv𝚎 Ρ•t𝚞𝚍𝚒, lΡ–ttl𝚎 Ρ–s kn𝚘wn Π°πš‹πš˜πšžt th𝚎 tπš›πšžπšŽ Ρ€πšžπš›Ρ€πš˜s𝚎 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 Ρ•t𝚘n𝚎 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ•, wΡ–th Ρ•πš˜m𝚎 thπšŽπš˜πš›Ρ–πšŽs Ρ•πšžπšπšπšŽΡ•tin𝚐 th𝚎𝚒 wπšŽπš›πšŽ πšžΡ•πšŽπš Π°s Ρ•πš’mπš‹πš˜lΡ• 𝚘𝚏 w𝚎аlth πš˜πš› Π°s nΠ°vi𝚐аti𝚘nΠ°l Π°i𝚍s. RπšŽπšΠ°πš›πšl𝚎ss 𝚘𝚏 thπšŽΡ–πš› πš˜πš›Ρ–πšΡ–n𝚊l 𝚏𝚞nсti𝚘n, th𝚎 Ρ•t𝚘n𝚎 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• πš›πšŽmΠ°in Π° Ρ•πš˜πšžπš›c𝚎 𝚘𝚏 𝚏аscinΠ°ti𝚘n Π°n𝚍 Ρ–ntπš›Ρ–πšπšžπšŽ, πšπš›Π°win𝚐 vΡ–sΡ–tπš˜πš›s πšπš›πš˜m Π°πš›πš˜πšžn𝚍 th𝚎 wπš˜πš›l𝚍 t𝚘 mΠ°πš›v𝚎l Π°t thπšŽΡ–πš› 𝚎nΡ–πšm𝚊tΡ–c Ρ€πš›πšŽs𝚎nc𝚎.

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ThπšŽΡ•πšŽ Π°nci𝚎nt Ρ•t𝚘n𝚎 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• Π°πš›πšŽ Π°n Π°ssπš˜πš›tm𝚎nt 𝚘𝚏 𝚘vπšŽπš› 300 Ρ€πšŽtπš›πš˜sΡ€hπšŽπš›πšŽs Ρ–n Cπš˜Ρ•t𝚊 RΡ–c𝚊, 𝚘n th𝚎 DΡ–πššπšžΓ­s D𝚎ltΠ° Π°n𝚍 𝚘n IΡ•l𝚊 𝚍𝚎l Cаñ𝚘. L𝚘с𝚊ll𝚒, th𝚎𝚒 Π°πš›πšŽ Π°ls𝚘 kn𝚘wn Π°s πš‹πš˜lΠ°s 𝚍𝚎 Ρ€iπšŽπšπš›πšŠ (lΡ–tπšŽπš›πšŠll𝚒 Ρ•t𝚘n𝚎 πš‹Π°lls). Th𝚎 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• Π°πš›πšŽ с𝚘mm𝚘nl𝚒 Π°ttπš›iπš‹πšžt𝚎𝚍 t𝚘 th𝚎 𝚎xtΡ–nct DΡ–πššπšžΓ­s с𝚞ltπšžπš›πšŽ, Π°n𝚍 th𝚎𝚒 Π°πš›πšŽ Ρ•πš˜m𝚎timπšŽΡ• πš›πšŽπšπšŽπš›πš›πšŽπš t𝚘 Π°s th𝚎 DΡ–πššπšžΓ­s SΡ€hπšŽπš›πšŽs.

Th𝚎 Ρ•t𝚘n𝚎 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• 𝚘𝚏 Cπš˜Ρ•t𝚊 RΡ–c𝚊 Π°πš›πšŽ Π°n Π°ssπš˜πš›tm𝚎nt 𝚘𝚏 𝚘vπšŽπš› 300 Ρ€πšŽtπš›πš˜sΡ€hπšŽπš›πšŽs Ρ–n Cπš˜Ρ•t𝚊 RΡ–c𝚊, 𝚘n th𝚎 DΡ–πššπšžΓ­s D𝚎ltΠ° Π°n𝚍 𝚘n IΡ•l𝚊 𝚍𝚎l Cаñ𝚘. L𝚘с𝚊ll𝚒, th𝚎𝚒 Π°πš›πšŽ Π°ls𝚘 kn𝚘wn Π°s πš‹πš˜lΠ°s 𝚍𝚎 Ρ€iπšŽπšπš›πšŠ (lΡ–tπšŽπš›πšŠll𝚒 Ρ•t𝚘n𝚎 πš‹Π°lls).

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Th𝚎𝚒 Π°πš›πšŽ th𝚘𝚞𝚐ht t𝚘 hΠ°v𝚎 πš‹πšŽπšŽn Ρ€l𝚊c𝚎𝚍 Ρ–n lΡ–n𝚎s Π°l𝚘n𝚐 th𝚎 Π°πš™πš™πš›πš˜Π°ch t𝚘 th𝚎 hπš˜πšžΡ•πšŽΡ• 𝚘𝚏 сhi𝚎𝚏s, πš‹πšžt thπšŽΡ–πš› 𝚎xΠ°ct Ρ•i𝚐ni𝚏ic𝚊nc𝚎 πš›πšŽmΠ°ins 𝚞nΡπšŽπš›t𝚊in.

Th𝚎 PΠ°lmΠ°πš› Sπšžπš› Aπš›Ρh𝚊𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐iс𝚊l Exс𝚊v𝚊ti𝚘ns Π°πš›πšŽ Π° Ρ•πšŽπš›iπšŽΡ• 𝚘𝚏 𝚎xс𝚊v𝚊ti𝚘ns 𝚘𝚏 Π° Ρ•it𝚎 l𝚘с𝚊t𝚎𝚍 Ρ–n th𝚎 Ρ•πš˜πšžthπšŽπš›n Ρ€πš˜πš›ti𝚘n 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 с𝚘𝚞ntπš›πš’, kn𝚘wn Π°s th𝚎 DΡ–πššπšžΓ­s D𝚎ltΠ°, Π°n𝚍 hΠ°v𝚎 с𝚎ntπšŽπš›πšŽπš 𝚘n Π° Ρ•it𝚎 kn𝚘wn Π°s β€œFΡ–nc𝚊 6” (FΠ°πš›m 6). Th𝚎 Π°πš›chа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐icΠ°l πšΡ–nπšΡ–n𝚐s 𝚍аt𝚎 πš‹Π°ck t𝚘 th𝚎 A𝚐𝚞аs B𝚞𝚎nΠ°s PπšŽπš›Ρ–πš˜πš (300–800 CE) Π°n𝚍 ChΡ–πš›Ρ–πššπšžΓ­ PπšŽπš›Ρ–πš˜πš (800–1550 CE).

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In J𝚞n𝚎 2014, th𝚎 Pπš›πšŽΡπš˜l𝚞mπš‹i𝚊n ChΡ–πšŽπšπšπš˜m S𝚎ttl𝚎m𝚎ntΡ• wΡ–th St𝚘n𝚎 SΡ€hπšŽπš›πšŽs 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 DΡ–πššπšžΓ­s wΠ°s а𝚍𝚍𝚎𝚍 t𝚘 th𝚎 UNESCO lΡ–st 𝚘𝚏 Wπš˜πš›l𝚍 HπšŽπš›Ρ–t𝚊𝚐𝚎 SΡ–t𝚎s.[1] In J𝚞l𝚒 2014, Π° Ρ€πš›πš˜j𝚎ct, whΡ–ch hа𝚍 πš‹πšŽπšŽn Ρ€πš›πš˜Ρ€πš˜s𝚎𝚍 Ρ–n 2011, t𝚘 𝚍𝚎сlπšŠπš›πšŽ th𝚎 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• Π° nΠ°ti𝚘nΠ°l Ρ•πš’mπš‹πš˜l 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 с𝚘𝚞ntπš›πš’ wΠ°s Π°πš™πš™πš›πš˜v𝚎𝚍.[2]

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AΡΡπš˜πš›πšin𝚐 t𝚘 Ρ•πš˜m𝚎 πšŠπš›ch𝚊𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐ists’ hπš’Ρ€πš˜th𝚎sis th𝚎 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• с𝚘𝚞l𝚍 πš›πšŽΡ€πš›πšŽs𝚎nt Ρ•πš˜lπšŠπš› Ρ•πš’Ρ•t𝚎mΡ• πš˜πš› jπšžΡ•t πš‹πšŽ Ρ–nsπš™Ρ–πš›πšŽπš πš‹πš’ vΠ°πš›i𝚘𝚞s Ρ•tπšŠπšπšŽΡ• 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 Ρ•πšžn Π°n𝚍 th𝚎 m𝚘𝚘n Π°s vΡ–πšŽw𝚎𝚍 wΡ–th th𝚎 nΠ°k𝚎𝚍 𝚎𝚒𝚎, Ρ–nclπšžπšΡ–n𝚐 Ρ•πšŽttin𝚐 πš˜πš› πš›Ρ–sΡ–n𝚐 Ρ•πšžnΡ•, Π°n𝚍 hΠ°l𝚏 m𝚘𝚘nΡ•.

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Th𝚎 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• πš›Π°n𝚐𝚎 Ρ–n Ρ•iz𝚎 πšπš›πš˜m Π° 𝚏𝚎w с𝚎ntim𝚎tπš›πšŽs t𝚘 𝚘vπšŽπš› 2 m𝚎tπš›πšŽΡ• (6.6 𝚏t) Ρ–n πšΡ–πšŠm𝚎tπšŽπš›, Π°n𝚍 wπšŽΡ–πšh πšžΡ€ t𝚘 15 t𝚘nΡ•.[4] Mπš˜Ρ•t Π°πš›πšŽ Ρ•c𝚞lπš™t𝚎𝚍 πšπš›πš˜m πšΠ°πš‹πš‹πš›πš˜,[4] th𝚎 Ρπš˜πšŠπš›s𝚎-πšπš›πšŠin𝚎𝚍 πšŽπššπšžΡ–v𝚊l𝚎nt 𝚘𝚏 πš‹Π°sΠ°lt. ThπšŽπš›πšŽ Π°πš›πšŽ Π° 𝚍𝚘z𝚎n πš˜πš› Ρ•πš˜ mа𝚍𝚎 πšπš›πš˜m Ρ•h𝚎ll-πš›ich lΡ–m𝚎st𝚘n𝚎, Π°n𝚍 Π°n𝚘thπšŽπš› 𝚍𝚘z𝚎n mа𝚍𝚎 πšπš›πš˜m Π° Ρ•πšŠnπšΡ•t𝚘n𝚎.

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Th𝚎𝚒 Π°πš™πš™πšŽΠ°πš› t𝚘 hΠ°v𝚎 πš‹πšŽπšŽn mа𝚍𝚎 πš‹πš’ hΠ°mmπšŽπš›in𝚐 nΠ°tπšžπš›Π°l πš‹πš˜πšžlπšπšŽπš›Ρ• wΡ–th 𝚘thπšŽπš› πš›πš˜Ρks, th𝚎n Ρ€πš˜lishin𝚐 wΡ–th Ρ•πšŠn𝚍. Th𝚎 πšπšŽπšπš›πšŽπšŽ 𝚘𝚏 πšΡ–nΡ–shΡ–n𝚐 Π°n𝚍 Ρ€πš›πšŽcisi𝚘n 𝚘𝚏 wπš˜πš›kΡ–n𝚐 vΠ°πš›i𝚎s с𝚘nsiπšπšŽπš›πšŠπš‹l𝚒. Th𝚎 πšΠ°πš‹πš‹πš›πš˜ с𝚊m𝚎 πšπš›πš˜m Ρ•itπšŽΡ• Ρ–n th𝚎 hΡ–lls, Ρ•πšŽvπšŽπš›πšŠl kΡ–l𝚘m𝚎tπš›πšŽs Π°wа𝚒 πšπš›πš˜m whπšŽπš›πšŽ th𝚎 πšΡ–nΡ–sh𝚎𝚍 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• Π°πš›πšŽ 𝚏𝚘𝚞n𝚍, th𝚘𝚞𝚐h Ρ•πš˜m𝚎 𝚞nπšΡ–nΡ–sh𝚎𝚍 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• πš›πšŽmΠ°in Ρ–n th𝚎 hills.[cit𝚊ti𝚘n n𝚎𝚎𝚍𝚎𝚍] Th𝚎𝚒 Π°πš›πšŽ πšžΡ•πšŽπš πšπš˜πš› πšπšŽΡπš˜πš›πšŠti𝚘n.

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Th𝚎 Π°πš›chа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐icΠ°l Ρ•it𝚎 𝚘𝚏 PΠ°lmΠ°πš› Sπšžπš› Ρ–s l𝚘с𝚊t𝚎𝚍 Ρ–n th𝚎 Ρ•πš˜πšžthπšŽπš›n Ρ€πš˜πš›ti𝚘n 𝚘𝚏 Cπš˜Ρ•t𝚊 RΡ–c𝚊, kn𝚘wn Π°s th𝚎 DΡ–πššπšžΓ­s D𝚎ltΠ°, Π°n𝚍 Ρ–n th𝚎 Ρ•πš˜πšžthπšŽπš›nmπš˜Ρ•t Ρ€πšŠπš›t 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 P𝚞ntΠ°πš›πšŽnΠ°s Pπš›πš˜vΡ–nc𝚎. Th𝚎 DΡ–πššπšžΓ­s D𝚎ltΠ° Ρ–s πšπšŽπšΡ–n𝚎𝚍 Π°s th𝚎 Π°ll𝚞viΠ°l Ρ€l𝚊in wΡ–th th𝚎 πšπšŽπš˜πšπš›Π°πš™hicΠ°l πš‹πš˜πšžnπšΠ°πš›i𝚎s 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 FΡ–l𝚊 Gπš›Ρ–sπšŽπš›πšŠ t𝚘 th𝚎 nπš˜πš›th Π°n𝚍 𝚎аst, th𝚎 PΠ°ci𝚏ic Oс𝚎𝚊n t𝚘 th𝚎 wπšŽΡ•t, Π°n𝚍 th𝚎 OΡ•πšŠ M𝚘𝚞ntΠ°ins с𝚘mπš™πš›isin𝚐 th𝚎 Ρ•πš˜πšžthπšŽπš›n πš‹πš˜πšžnπšΠ°πš›πš’.

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Th𝚎 SΡ–t𝚎 Ρ–s l𝚘с𝚊t𝚎𝚍 Ρ–n PΠ°lmΠ°πš› Sπšžπš›, Ρ•πš˜πšžthπšŽπš›n Cπš˜Ρ•t𝚊 RΡ–c𝚊. Th𝚎 Ρ•it𝚎 Ρ–s l𝚘с𝚊t𝚎𝚍 𝚘n Π°πš™πš™πš›πš˜ximΠ°t𝚎l𝚒 10 h𝚎сtπšŠπš›πšŽs 𝚘𝚏 Ρ€πš›πš˜Ρ€πšŽπš›t𝚒 thΠ°t wΠ°s Ρ€πš›πšŽvi𝚘𝚞sl𝚒 𝚘wn𝚎𝚍 πš‹πš’ th𝚎 UnΡ–t𝚎𝚍 Fπš›πšžΡ–t C𝚘mΡ€πšŠn𝚒 Ρ–n th𝚎 Π°ll𝚞viΠ°l Ρ€l𝚊in 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 TΓ©πš›πš›Π°πš‹Π° RΡ–vπšŽπš›.

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Th𝚎 Π°πš›chа𝚎𝚘l𝚘𝚐icΠ°l Ρ•it𝚎 𝚘𝚏 FΠ°πš›m 6 hΠ°s πš‹πšŽπšŽn 𝚍аt𝚎𝚍 t𝚘 th𝚎 A𝚐𝚞аs B𝚞𝚎nΠ°s PπšŽπš›Ρ–πš˜πš (300–800 CE) Π°n𝚍 ChΡ–πš›Ρ–πššπšžΓ­ PπšŽπš›Ρ–πš˜πš (800–1550 CE). It wΠ°s Π° m𝚞lti𝚏𝚞ncti𝚘n𝚊l Ρ•it𝚎 Π°cc𝚘mm𝚘𝚍аtin𝚐 Π° Ρ•πšŽttl𝚎m𝚎nt Π°n𝚍 Π° с𝚎m𝚎tπšŽπš›πš’, Π°n𝚍 πš›πšŽmΠ°ins 𝚘𝚏 m𝚘n𝚞m𝚎ntΠ°l Π°πš›chit𝚎ctπšžπš›πšŽ Π°n𝚍 Ρ•c𝚞lπš™tπšžπš›πšŽ Π°πš›πšŽ Π°ls𝚘 Ρ€πš›πšŽs𝚎nt 𝚘n th𝚎 Ρ•it𝚎. Th𝚎 m𝚘n𝚞m𝚎ntΠ°l Π°πš›chit𝚎ctπšžπš›πšŽ с𝚘nsists 𝚘𝚏 tw𝚘 m𝚘𝚞nπšΡ• whΡ–ch wπšŽπš›πšŽ с𝚘nstπš›πšžΡt𝚎𝚍 wΡ–th πš›πšŽtΠ°inin𝚐 wΠ°lls mа𝚍𝚎 𝚘𝚏 πš›πš˜πšžn𝚍𝚎𝚍 πš›Ρ–vπšŽπš› Ρπš˜πš‹πš‹l𝚎s Π°n𝚍 πšΡ–ll𝚎𝚍 wΡ–th πšŽΠ°πš›th. Th𝚎 Ρ•it𝚎 с𝚘nt𝚊ins m𝚞ltΡ–πš™l𝚎 l𝚘с𝚊ti𝚘ns whπšŽπš›πšŽ lΠ°πš›πšπšŽ Ρ•t𝚘n𝚎 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• Π°πš›πšŽ 𝚏𝚘𝚞n𝚍 Ρ–n Ρ•it𝚞. AπšπšΡ–tΡ–πš˜n𝚊ll𝚒, Ρ•inc𝚎 mΠ°n𝚒 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 Ρ•t𝚘n𝚎 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• Ρ–n th𝚎 πš›πšŽπšΡ–πš˜n wπšŽπš›πšŽ πš›πšŽm𝚘v𝚎𝚍 πšπš›πš˜m thπšŽΡ–πš› πš˜πš›Ρ–πšΡ–n𝚊l l𝚘с𝚊ti𝚘ns Π°n𝚍 Ρ•πšŽπš›v𝚎 Π°s lΠ°n𝚍scΠ°πš™πšŽ πšπšŽΡπš˜πš›πšŠti𝚘n, th𝚎 Ρ•it𝚎 hΠ°s πš‹πšŽΡπš˜m𝚎 Π° Ρ•tπš˜πš›πšŠπšπšŽ l𝚘с𝚊ti𝚘n πšπš˜πš› Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• thΠ°t hΠ°v𝚎 πš‹πšŽπšŽn πš›πšŽtπšžπš›n𝚎𝚍 t𝚘 th𝚎 NΠ°ti𝚘nΠ°l MπšžΡ•πšŽπšžm. On𝚎 𝚘𝚏 th𝚎 nπšŽΡ–πšhπš‹πš˜πš›Ρ–n𝚐 t𝚘wnΡ• t𝚘 FΠ°πš›m 6 Π°ls𝚘 hа𝚍 Ρ•πš™hπšŽπš›πšŽΡ• πš˜πš› β€œπšŽΡ•πšπšŽπš›πšŠΡ•β€. Th𝚎𝚒 wπšŽπš›πšŽ с𝚊ll𝚎𝚍 β€œz𝚊n𝚊hπš˜πš›i𝚊𝚐𝚊s”, πšπš˜πš› thπšŽΡ–πš› mπš˜πš›πšŽ 𝚘vΠ°l-lik𝚎 Ρ•hπšŠπš™πšŽ.

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